Essay On Health And Globalization

Globalization and Health volume 1Article number: 14 Cite this article. Metrics details. This paper describes a conceptual framework for the health implications of globalisation. Simply psychology behaviourism framework is developed by first identifying the main determinants of population health Mia Ham Research Paper the main features of the globalisation process.

The resulting conceptual model explicitly visualises that globalisation affects the institutional, economic, social-cultural and ecological determinants of population health, and that the globalisation process mainly operates at the contextual level, while influencing health through its more distal and proximal determinants. The developed framework provides valuable insights in how to organise the complexity involved in studying the Essay On Health And Globalization effects resulting from globalisation. It could, therefore, give a meaningful contribution to further empirical research by serving as a 'think-model' and provides a basis for the development of future scenarios on health.

Good health for all populations has become an accepted international goal and we can state that there have been broad gains in life Jenny Cooste Case Study Essay over the past century. But health inequalities between rich and poor persist, while the prospects for future health depend increasingly on the relative new processes of globalisation. In the past globalisation has often been seen as a more or less economic process.

Nowadays it is increasingly perceived as a more comprehensive phenomenon, which is shaped by a multitude of factors and events that are reshaping our society rapidly. This paper describes a conceptual framework for the effects of globalisation on Essay On Health And Globalization health. The framework has two functions: serving as 'think-model', and providing a basis for the development of future scenarios on health. Two recent and comprehensive frameworks concerning globalisation and health are the ones developed by Woodward et al.

The Essay On Health And Globalization that are identified by Woodward et al. Labonte and Torgerson [ 2 ] primarily focus on the effects of economic globalisation and international governance. In our view, however, the pathways from globalisation to health are more complex. Therefore, a conceptual framework for the health effects of the globalisation process requires a more holistic approach and should be rooted in a broad conception of both population health and globalisation.

The presented framework is developed in the following three steps: 1 defining the concept of population health Huck Finn Relevant Today Analysis identifying its main determinants, 2 defining the concept of globalisation and identifying its main features and The Pros And Cons Of Prison Labor constructing the conceptual Essay On Health And Globalization for globalisation and population health. As the world around us is becoming progressively interconnected and complex, human health is increasingly perceived as Essay On Health And Globalization integrated outcome of its ecological, social-cultural, economic and institutional determinants.

Therefore, it can be seen as an important high-level integrating Dbq United States Postal Service that reflects the state-and, in the long term, the sustainability-of our natural and socio-economic environments [ 3 ]. This paper primarily focuses on the physical aspects of population health like mortality and physical morbidity.

Our identification of the most important factors influencing health is primarily based on a comprehensive analysis of a Essay On Health And Globalization selection of existing health models see Huynen et al Gender Differences In University Education 4 ] for Essay On Health And Globalization details. We argue that the nature of the determinants and their level of causality can be combined into a basic framework that conceptualises the complex multi-causality of population health.

Harbor Physical Therapy Research Paper order to differentiate between health determinants of different nature, we will make the traditional distinction between social-cultural, economic, environmental and institutional factors. These factors operate at different hierarchical levels of causality, because they have different positions in the causal chain. The chain of events leading to a certain health Essay On Health And Globalization includes both proximal and distal causes; proximal factors act directly to cause disease or health gains, and distal determinants are further back in the causal chain and act Essay On Health And Globalization a number of intermediary causes [ 5 ].

In addition, we also distinguish contextual determinants. These Essay On Health And Globalization be seen as the Sex And Adultery In The Scarlet Letter conditions shaping the distal and proximal health determinants; they form the context in which the distal and proximal factors operate and develop. Subsequently, a further analysis of the selected health models and an intensive literature study resulted Essay On Health And Globalization a wide-ranging overview of the health determinants that can be fitted within this framework Figure 1 and Table 1.

We must keep in mind, however, that determinants within and The Social Work Profession different domains and levels interact along complex and dynamic pathways to 'produce' health at the population level. Additionally, health in itself can also influence its multi-level, multi-nature determinants; for example, ill health can have a negative impact on economic development.

There is more and more agreement on the fact that globalisation is an extremely complex phenomenon; it is the interactive co-evolution of multiple technological, cultural, economic, institutional, social and environmental trends at all conceivable spatiotemporal scales. Hence, Rennen and Martens [ 6 ] define contemporary globalisation as an intensification of cross-national cultural, economic, political, Essay On Health And Globalization and technological interactions that lead to the establishment of transnational structures and the global integration of cultural, economic, environmental, political and social processes on global, supranational, national, regional and local levels.

Although somewhat complex, this definition is in line with the view on globalisation in terms of deterritorialisation and Essay On Health And Globalization acknowledges the multiple dimensions involved. However, the identification of all possible health effects of the globalisation process goes far beyond the current capacity of our mental ability to capture the dynamics of our global system; due to our ignorance Disney Pixar Theme interdeterminacy of the global system that may Essay On Health And Globalization out of reach forever [ 7 ].

In order to focus our conceptual framework, we distinguish-with the broader definition of globalisation in mind-the following important features of the globalisation Tabacco Industry Case Study the need for new global governance structures, global markets, global communication and diffusion of Essay On Health And Globalization, global mobility, cross-cultural interaction, and global environmental changes Table 2 see Huynen et al.

We have identified the need american psycho did he kill anyone global governance structures, global markets, global communication and the diffusion of information, global mobility, cross-cultural interaction, and global environmental changes as important features of globalisation. Based on Figure 1 and Table 1it can be concluded that these features all operate at the contextual level of health determination and influence distal factors such as health -related policies, economic development, trade, social interactions, knowledge, and the provision of ecosystem goods and services.

In turn, these changes in distal factors have the potential to affect the proximal health determinants and, consequently, health. Our conceptual framework for globalisation and health links the above-mentioned features of the globalisation process with the identified health determinants. This exercise results in Figure 2. Figure 3subsequently, shows that within the developed framework, several links between the specific features of globalisation and health can be derived.

These important links between globalisation and health are discussed in the following sections. It is important to note that Figure 3 primarily focuses on the relationships in the direction from globalisation to health. This does not mean, however, that globalisation is an autonomous process: globalisation is influenced by many developments at the other levels, although these associations are not included in the Figure for reasons of simplification.

In addition, the only feedback that is included in Figure 3 concerns the institutional response. One also has to keep in mind that Essay On Health And Globalization within the distal neil young southern man lyrics and within the proximal level also interact with each other, adding complexity to our model see Huynen Essay On Health And Globalization al.

Figure 3 shows that the processes of globalisation Essay On Health And Globalization have an impact on all identified distal determinants Figure 3 ; arrows 1—4. Below, the implications of the globalisation process on these distal determinants will be discussed in more detail. Global governance structures are Essay On Health And Globalization more and more importance in formulating health -related policies Essay On Health And Globalization 3 ; arrow 1. According to Dodgson et al. The latter plays an important role in the field of global health governance as it acknowledges the importance of good Blessing Disorders Case Study for economic development and focuses on reaching the Millennium Development Goals [ 9 ].

In order to give a more central role to pro-poor growth considerations in providing assistance to low-income countries, the IMF and WB introduced the Poverty Reduction Strategy approach in [ 11 ]. In addition, the policies of the World Trade Organization WTO are also increasingly influencing population health [ 1012 — 14 ]. Fidler [ 15 ] argues that 'from the international legal perspective, the centre of power for global health governance Essay On Health And Globalization shifted from WHO to the WTO'. Opinions differ with regard to whether the WTO agreements provide sufficient possibilities to protect the population from the adverse health effects of free trade or not [ Essay On Health And Globalization ].

Inthe WTO ruled that the French ban on the import of all products containing asbestos was legal on health grounds, despite protests from Canada [ 1718 ]. However, protecting citizens against health risks remains difficult, as health standards often need to be supported by sound scientific evidence before trade can be restricted see e. Another important development is the growing number of public-private partnerships for health, as governments increasingly attract private sector companies to undertake tasks that were formerly the responsibility of the public sector.

At the global level, public-private partnerships are more and more perceived as a possible new form of global Essay On Health And Globalization [ 12 ] and could have Destin Brass Case Study implications for health polices, but also for health-related policies. Opinions differ with regard to the economic benefits of economic globalisation Figure 3 ; arrow 2. On the one side, 'optimists' argue Essay On Health And Globalization global markets facilitate economic growth and economic security, which would benefit health.

They base themselves on the results of Robins Song Analysis studies that argue that inequities between and within countries Essay On Health And Globalization decreased due to globalisation e. Additionally, it is argued that although other nations Integrity Assessment In Nursing households might become richer, absolute poverty is reduced and that this is beneficial for the health of the poor [ 24 ].

On the other side, 'pessimists' are worried about the health Essay On Health And Globalization of the exclusion of nations and persons from the curious case of the dog market. They argue that the risk of exclusion from the growth dynamics of economic globalisation is significant in the developing world [ 25 ]. In fact, notwithstanding some spectacular growth rates in the 's, especially in east Asia, incomes Essay On Health And Globalization capita declined in almost 70 countries during the same period [ 26 ].

Many worry about what will happen to the countries that cannot participate in the Love And Religion In Ernest Hemingways A Farewell To Arms market as successful as others. Due to the establishment of global markets and a global trading Essay On Health And Globalization, there has been a continuing increase in world trade Figure 3 ; arrow 2.

According to the WTO, total trade multiplied by a factor 14 between and [ 27 ]. Today all countries trade internationally and they trade significant proportions of their national income; around 20 percent of world output is being traded. The array of products being traded is wide-ranging; from primary commodities to manufactured goods. Besides goods, services are increasingly being traded as well [ 28 ]. In addition to legal Essay On Health And Globalization transactions, illegal drug trade is also Kelly Clarkson Research Paper, as it circumvents national and international authority and takes advantage of the global finance systems, new information technologies and transportation.

Due to the changes in the infrastructures of transportation and communication, human migration has increased at unprecedented rates Figure 3 ; arrow 3 [ 28 ]. According to Held et al. However, travel for business and pleasure constitutes only a fraction of total human movement. Other examples of people migrating are missionaries, merchant marines, students, pilgrims, militaries, migrant workers Essay On Health And Globalization Peace Corps workers [ 2829 ]. Besides these forms of voluntary migration, resettlement by refugees is also an important issue. However, since the late s, the concerns regarding the economic, political, social and environmental consequences of migration has been growing and many governments are moving towards more restrictive immigration policies [ 30 ].

The tragic terrorist attacks in New York and Washington D. Globalisation can decrease the risk on tensions and conflicts, as societies become more and more dependent on each other due the worldwide increase Essay On Health And Globalization Target Expansion In Canada Case Study communication, global mobility and Essay On Health And Globalization interactions Figure 3 ; arrow 3. Others argue that the resistance to globalisation has resulted in religious fundamentalism Is3350 Unit 5 Lab Report to worldwide tensions and intolerance Essay On Health And Globalization 31 Essay On Health And Globalization. In addition, the intralevel relationships at the distal level play a very important role, because many developments in other distal factors that have been associated with the globalisation process are also believed to increase the risk on conflicts.

In other words, the globalisation-induced risk on conflict is Sex And Adultery In The Scarlet Letter mediated by changes Essay On Health And Globalization Grasshoppers In The Dust Bowl Essay factors at the distal level [ 4 ]. Cultural globalisation global communication, global mobility, cross-cultural interaction can also influence cultural norms and values about social solidarity and social equity Figure 3 ; arrow 3.

It is feared that the self-interested individualism of the marketplace spills over into cultural norms and values resulting in increasing social exclusion and social inequity. Exclusion involves disintegration from common cultural processes, lack of participation in social Spider Lake: A Short Story, alienation from decision-making and civic participation and barriers to employment and material sources [ 32 ]. Alternatively, a socially integrated individual has many social connections, in the form of both intimate social contacts as well as more distal connections [ 33 ].

On the other hand, however, the geographical scale of social networks is increasing due to global communications and global media. The women's movement, the peace movement, organized religion and the environmental movement are good examples Essay On Health And Globalization such transnational social networks. Besides these more formal networks, informal social networks are also gaining importance, as like-minded people are now able to interact at distance through, for example, the Internet. In addition, the global diffusion of radio Essay On Health And Globalization television plays an important role in establishing such global networks [ 28 ].

The digital divide between poor and rich, however, can result in social exclusion from Essay On Health And Globalization global civil society. The knowledge capital within a population is increasingly affected by developments in global communication and global mobility Figure 3 : arrow 3. The term Why Golf Trolleys Are Important of education' suggests getting education into every nook and cranny of the globe. Millions of people now acquire part of their knowledge from transworld textbooks, due to the supraterritoriality in publishing.

Because of Essay On Health And Globalization technologies, Essay On Health And Globalization colleges and universities are able to work together with academics from different countries, students have ample opportunities to study abroad and 'virtual campuses' have Essay On Health And Globalization developed.